With a history stretching over 1,100 years, The Royal Mint has forged a fascinating story through the world of historic coins. As the second oldest mint in the world, and the oldest company in the UK, their history is entwined with the 61 monarchs who have ruled England and Britain. This unique legacy offers an intriguing insight into British history through the coinage produced for each monarch.
Though it is difficult to pinpoint the exact moment, The Royal Mint’s millennia-spanning story began around 886 AD, when coin production took a more unified approach and the number of smaller mints around the country began to decline.
Watch NowSince those early days, The Royal Mint has struck coins for every British monarch. This has left behind an unrivalled collection of coins, each one with its own stories to tell and history to unravel.
Here are 6 of the oldest coins ever struck by The Royal Mint.
1. Alfred the Great Monogram Penny
Silver penny of King Alfred, c. 886-899 AD.
Image Credit: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo
Alfred the Great is recognised as one of the most influential monarchs in British history. At a time when Great Britain was split into rival kingdoms, it was the King of Wessex’s vision of a unified nation that would shape the future of England and the monarchy. King Alfred also played a significant role in The Royal Mint’s history.
It is impossible to put an exact date on the origins of The Royal Mint due to the absence of a written record. But we do have coins, and you can learn a lot from these treasures. The Alfred the Great monogram penny could only have been struck in London following its capture from the Danes in 886. It’s possible that the monogram of LONDONIA was included on the reverse to reinforce the King of Wessex’s authority. The obverse of this early coin features a portrait of Alfred that, although crudely produced, honours the forward-thinking king.
Today, the monogram silver penny is celebrated as the symbolic start of The Royal Mint, but the London mint was likely producing coins before 886 AD.
2. Silver Cross Pennies
A clipped silver long-cross halfpenny from the reign of either Edward I or Edward II.
Image Credit: Cambridgeshire County Council via Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0
For over 300 years, pennies were the only significant currency in Britain. At the time, goods and services were typically bartered as few people were able or willing to use coinage. It is important to remember that currency as we know it today had not yet taken hold. There was not yet demand for a variety of denominations in circulation. Cross pennies were the most used currency in their day.
The cross penny came in a variety of styles as new kings wanted to assert their divine authority over their subjects with a new coin bearing their portrait. The two most predominant coins between 1180 and 1489 AD were the ‘short cross’ penny and ‘long cross’ penny, named after a short or long cross on the reverse. The short cross penny was the first of these coins and was issued by Henry II in 1180. This design was used by four separate kings. It was replaced in 1247 by the long cross penny under Henry III. Henry attempted to introduce a gold cross penny, but this was unsuccessful because it was undervalued against the silver.
3. Edwardian Halfpennies
60 medieval British silver voided long cross pennies, probably dating back to the reign of King Henry III.
Image Credit: The Portable Antiquities Scheme/Trustees of the British Museum via Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0
The problem with having a single coin in a currency is that goods and services are priced differently. People need change. During the domination of the cross pennies, there was a simple solution to the problem, which could explain the emergence of the long cross design. The old coins would be cut into halves and quarters to allow for more efficient transactions. It was an ingenious solution that used the coin’s design as a cutting guide. There are many examples of this cut coinage.
The halfpenny introduced by Edward I was not the first. Both Henry I and Henry III had previously entered them into circulation, but their numbers are low enough to be considered trial coins. Edward was the first to successfully introduce the coin as he pursued his coinage reformation that began around 1279. These reforms established the basis of British coins for the next 200 years. The halfpenny itself was an extremely successful denomination and remained in use through decimalisation in 1971, until it was officially phased out in 1984, just short of 900 years after those early examples were produced.
4. Edward I Groat
A groat – worth four pennies – from the reign of Edward I and photographed at the Tower of London.
Image Credit: PHGCOM via Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain
The English groat was another denomination produced during the Edward I coin reformation. It was worth four pence and was meant to aid larger purchases in markets and trades. At the time of Edward I, the groat was very much an experimental coin that did not succeed in 1280 because the coin weighed less than the four pennies it was supposed to be equivalent to. The public were also wary of the new coin and there was little demand for a larger coin at the time. It wasn’t until 1351, during the reign of Edward III, that the groat became a more widely used denomination.
The Edward I groat is an extremely fine coin, especially considering it was struck in 1280. It displays in intricate detail a uniformity that stands out among other coins of the time. Edward’s crowned bust faces forward in the centre of a quatrefoil which displays an exceptional use of symmetry for the period. The reverse of this silver coin features the familiar long cross design and bears an inscription identifying the London mint.
Today, the Edward I groat is incredibly rare with only around 100 in existence. The coin was only produced between 1279 and 1281, and most were melted down when the coin was removed from circulation.
5. The Gold Noble
British gold noble coin of Edward III.
Image Credit: Porco_Rosso / Shutterstock.com
The gold noble takes its place in British numismatic history as the first gold coin produced in large numbers. There were gold coins that preceded the noble, but these were unsuccessful. The coin was valued at six shillings and eight pence, and it was primarily used by overseas traders visiting ports around the world.
As a coin intended to reach foreign shores to represent King Edward III and the entire British monarchy, it was designed to make a statement. The ornate depictions were incomparable to previous British coin designs. The obverse features Edward standing aboard a ship, holding a sword and shield in a show of strength. Its reverse bears an elegant quatrefoil filled with intricate depictions of detailed crowns, lions and feathers. This is a coin that was meant to be seen and marvelled at as British merchants travelled around the world.
The successful noble changed weights throughout Edward’s reign, from 138.5 grains (9 grams) to 120 grains (7.8 grams) by the king’s fourth coinage. The design also saw small changes throughout the coin’s 120-year lifespan.
6. The Angel
An ‘angel’ coin from the reign of Edward IV.
Image Credit: Portable Antiquities Scheme via Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0
The ‘angel’ gold coin was introduced by Edward IV in 1465, and some consider it to be the first iconic British coin. Its impact on society went further than just currency as a mythology grew around the fine coin.
The coin’s obverse features a representation of the archangel St Michael slaying the devil, while the reverse depicts a ship surmounted by a shield bearing the king’s arms. The coin also has the inscription, PER CRUCEM TUAM SALVA NOS CHRISTE REDEMPTOR (‘by thy cross save us, Christ Redeemer’).
Listen NowThis religious iconography led to the coin being used in a ceremony known as the Royal Touch. It was believed that kings, as ‘divine rulers’, could use their connection with God to heal subjects suffering from scrofula, or the ‘king’s evil’. During these ceremonies, the sick and suffering would be presented with an angel coin to offer them extra protection. Many of the examples that exist today are punched with holes to allow the coins to be worn around the neck as a protective medallion.
The angel was produced for 177 years by four kings before production ceased in 1642 under Charles I.
To find out more about starting or growing your coin collection, visit www.royalmint.com/our-coins/ranges/historic-coins/ or call The Royal Mint’s team of experts on 0800 03 22 153 to find out more.
