World War Two was history’s biggest conflict. To help guide you through some of the major events involved we have compiled a list of 100 facts across ten pertinent topic areas. Whilst far from comprehensive, this provides a great starting point from which to explore the conflict and its world-altering ramifications.
Build-up to World War Two
Neville Chamberlain showing the Anglo-German Declaration (the resolution) to commit to peaceful methods signed by both Hitler and himself, on his return from Munich on 30 September 1938. Image credit: Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
1. Nazi Germany engaged in a rapid process of rearmament through the 1930s
They forged alliances and psychologically prepared the nation for war.
2. Britain and France remained committed to appeasement
This was despite some internal dissent, in the face of increasingly inflammatory Nazi actions.
3. The Second Sino-Japanese war began in July 1937 with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident
This was carried out against a backdrop of international appeasement and is regarded by some as the start of World War Two.
4. The Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed on 23 August 1939
The Pact saw Germany and the USSR carve up central-eastern Europe between themselves and pave the way for German invasion of Poland.
5. The Nazi invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 was the final straw for the British
Watch NowBritain had guaranteed Polish sovereignty after Hitler flouted the Munich Agreement by annexing Czechoslovakia. They declared war on Germany on 3 September.
6. Neville Chamberlain declared war on Germany at 11:15 on 3 September 1939
Two days after their invasion of Poland, his speech was followed by what would become the familiar sound of air raid sirens.
7. Poland’s losses were overwhelming during the German invasion of September and October 1939
Polish losses included 70,000 men killed, 133,000 wounded and 700,000 taken prisoner in the defence of the nation against Germany.
In the other direction, 50,000 Poles died fighting the Soviets, of whom only 996 perished, following their invasion on 16 September. 45,000 ordinary Polish citizens were shot in cold blood during the initial German invasion.
8. British non-aggression at the start of the war was derided at home and abroad
We now know this as the Phoney War. The RAF dropped propaganda literature over Germany, which was humorously referred to as ‘Mein Pamph’.
9. Britain gained a morale-boosting victory in a naval engagement in Argentina on 17 December 1939
It saw the German battleship Admiral Graf Spee scuttled in the River Plate estuary. This was the only action of the war to reach South America.
10. The attempted Soviet invasion of Finland in November-December 1939 initially ended in comprehensive defeat
It also resulted in Soviet expulsion from the League of Nations. Eventually however the Finns were beaten into signing the Moscow Peace Treaty on 12 March 1940.
The fall of France
Adolf Hitler visits Paris with architect Albert Speer (left) and artist Arno Breker (right), 23 June 1940. Image credit: Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
11. The French Army was one of the largest in the world
The experience of World War One however, had left it with a defensive mentality that paralysed its potential effectiveness and engendered a reliance on the Maginot Line.
12. Germany ignored the Maginot Line however
The main thrust of their advance into France moving through the Ardennes in northern Luxembourg and southern Belgium as part of the Sichelschnitt plan.
13. The Germans employed Blitzkrieg tactics
They used armoured vehicles and aircraft to make rapid territorial gains. This military strategy was developed in Britain in the 1920s.
14. The Battle of Sedan, 12-15 May, provided a momentous breakthrough for the Germans
They streamed into France thereafter.
15. The miraculous evacuation of Allied troops from Dunkirk saved 193,000 British and 145,000 French troops
Watch NowAlthough some 80,000 were left behind, Operation Dynamo far exceeded the expectation of rescuing only 45,000. The Operation used 200 Royal Navy ships and 600 volunteer vessels
16. Mussolini declared war on the Allies on 10 June
His first offensive was launched through the Alps without German knowledge and ended with 6,000 casualties, with over a third being attributed to frostbite. French casualties reached only 200.
17. A further 191,000 Allied troops were evacuated from France in mid-June
Although the heaviest ever losses in a single incident at sea were sustained by the British when the Lancastria was sunk by German bombers on 17 June.
18. The Germans had reached Paris by 14 June
The French surrender was ratified in the armistice agreement signed at Compiègne on 22 June.
19. Around 8,000,000 French, Dutch and Belgian refugees were created during the summer of 1940
Masses of people fled their homes as the Germans advanced.
20. Axis troops deployed in the Battle of France amounted to about 3,350,000
At the start they were matched in number by Allied opponents. By the signing of armistice on 22 June, however, 360,000 Allied casualties had been inflicted and 1,900,000 prisoners taken at the expense of 160,000 Germans and Italians.
The Battle of Britain
Churchill walks through the ruins of Coventry Cathedral with J A Moseley, M H Haigh, A R Grindlay and others, 1941. Image credit: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
21. It was part of a longer-term invasion plan by the Nazis
Hitler ordered planning to begin for an invasion of Britain on 2 July 1940. But the Nazi leader specified air and naval superiority over the English Channel and proposed landing points before any invasion.
22. The British had developed an air defence network that gave them a critical advantage
In an effort to improve communication between radars and observers and aircraft, Britain came up with a solution known as the “Dowding System”.
Named after its chief architect, the RAF Fighter Command’s commander-in-chief, Hugh Dowding, it created a set of reporting chains so that aircraft could take to the skies quicker to react to incoming threats, while information from the ground could reach aircraft quicker once they were airborne. The accuracy of the information being reported was also greatly improved.
The system could process huge amounts of information in a short space of time and made full use of the Fighter Command’s relatively limited resources.
23. The RAF had around 1,960 aircraft at its disposal in July 1940
That figure included around 900 fighter aircraft, 560 bombers and 500 coastal aeroplanes. The Spitfire fighter became the star of the RAF’s fleet during the Battle of Britain though the Hawker Hurricane actually took down more German aircraft.
24. This meant its aircraft were outnumbered by the Luftwaffe’s
The Luftwaffe could deploy 1,029 fighter aircraft, 998 bombers, 261 dive-bombers, 151 reconnaissance planes and 80 coastal planes.
25. Britain dates the start of the battle as 10 July
Germany had begun carrying out daylight bombing raids on Britain on the first day of the month, but attacks intensified from 10 July.
In the initial stage of the battle, Germany focused their raids on southern ports and British shipping operations in the English Channel.
26. Germany launched its main offensive on 13 August
The Luftwaffe moved inland from this point, focusing its attacks on RAF airfields and communication centres. These attacks intensified during the last week of August and the first week of September, by which point Germany believed the RAF to be nearing breaking point.
27. One of Churchill’s most famous speeches was about the Battle of Britain
As Britain was bracing itself for a German invasion, Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a speech to the House of Commons on 20 August in which he uttered the memorable line:
Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.
Ever since, the British pilots who took part in the Battle of Britain have been referred to as “The Few”.
28. The RAF’s Fighter Command suffered its worst day of the battle on 31 August
Amid a large German operation, the Fighter Command suffered its heaviest losses on this day, with 39 aircraft shot down and 14 pilots killed.
29. The Luftwaffe launched around 1,000 aircraft in one single attack
On 7 September, Germany shifted its focus away from RAF targets and towards London, and, later, other cities and towns and industrial targets also. This was the start of the bombing campaign that became known as the Blitz.
On the first day of the campaign, close to 1,000 German bomber and fighter aircraft headed to the English capital to carry out mass raids on the city.
30. The German death toll was far higher than Britain’s
By 31 October, the date on which the battle is generally considered to have ended, the Allies had lost 1,547 aircraft and suffered 966 casualties, including 522 deaths. The Axis’ casualties – which were mostly German – included 1,887 aircraft and 4,303 aircrew, of whom 3,336 died.
The Blitz and the bombing of Germany
Aircraft spotter on the roof of a building in London. St. Paul’s Cathedral is in the background. Image credit: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
31. 55,000 British civilian casualties were sustained through German bombing before the end of 1940
This included 23,000 deaths.
32. London was bombed for 57 consecutive nights from 7 September 1940
People referred to raids as if they were weather, stating that a day was ‘very blitzy’.
33. At this time, as many as 180,000 people per night sheltered within the London underground system
In March 1943, 173 men, women and children were crushed to death at Bethnal Green tube station in a crowd surge after a woman fell down the steps as she entered the station.
34. The rubble from bombed cities was used to lay runways for the RAF across the south and east of England
Crowds visiting bomb sites were sometimes so large they interfered with rescue work.
35. Total civilian deaths during the Blitz were around 40,000
The Blitz effectively ended when Operation Sealion was abandoned in May 1941. By the end of the war about 60,000 British civilians had died through German bombing.
36. The first British air raid on a concentrated civilian population was over Mannheim on 16 December 1940
German casualties were 34 dead and 81 injured.
37. The RAF’s first 1000-bomber air raid was conducted on 30 May 1942 over Cologne
Although only 380 died, the historic city was devastated.
38. Single Allied bombing operations over Hamburg and Dresden in July 1943 and February 1945 killed 40,000 and 25,000 civilians, respectively
Hundreds of thousands more were made refugees.
39. Berlin lost around 60,000 of its population to Allied bombing by the end of the war
Watch Now40. Overall, German civilian deaths totalled as many as 600,000
The war in Africa and the Middle East
Erwin Rommel. Image credit: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
41. On the eve of Operation Compass, General Sir Archibald Wavell could call on only 36,000 troops while facing 215,000 Italians
The British took over 138,000 Italian and Libyan prisoners, hundreds of tanks, and more than 1,000 guns and many aircraft.
42. Rommel wore British tank goggles on top of his cap as a trophy following the capture of Mechili on 8 April 1941
The city would stay under occupation for less than a year.
43. A new government of pro-Germans took power in Iraq in April 1941
By the end of the month it was forced concede ongoing British access through its territory.
44. Operation Tiger resulted in the loss of 91 British tanks. Only 12 panzers were immobilised in return
General Sir Claude Auchinleck, ‘the Auk’, soon replaced Wavell.
45. 90 Axis ships were sunk in the Mediterranean between January and August 1941
This deprived the Afrika Korps of essential new tanks and the food required to ward off hunger and illness.
46. The Allies broke out from Tobruk in November 1941 with vastly superior resources
They had an initial 600 tanks against 249 panzers and 550 aircraft, whilst the Luftwaffe had only 76. By January, 300 Allied tanks and 300 aircraft had been lost but Rommel had been pushed back significantly.
47. Soviet and British troops invaded Iran on 25 August 1941 in order to seize oil supplies
48. Rommel reclaimed Tobruk on 21 June 1942, winning thousands of tonnes of oil in the process
Watch Now49. The major Allied offensive at Alamein in October 1942 reversed the losses sustained in July
It began with the deception of the Germans using plans devised by Major Jasper Maskelyne, a successful magician in the 1930s.
50. The surrender of 250,000 Axis troops and 12 generals signalled the end of the North African Campaign
It occurred after the Allied arrival in Tunis on 12 May 1943.
Ethnic cleansing, race war and the Holocaust
Gate of the Dachau concentration camp, 2018. Image credit: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
51. Hitler outlined his intentions to conquer vast territories for a new Reich in Mein Kampf (1925):
‘The plough is then the sword; and the tears of war will produce the daily bread for the generations to come.’
52. Ghettos developed in Poland from September 1939 as Nazi officials began dealing with the ‘Jewish question’.
Listen Now53. Carbon dioxide-filled chambers were in use to kill mentally handicapped Poles from November 1939.
Zyklon B was first used at Aushwitz-Birkenau in September 1941.
54. 100,000 mentally and physically disabled Germans were murdered between the start of the war and August 1941
Hitler had ratified an official campaign of euthanasia to rid the nation of such ‘Untermenschen’.
55. The Nazi Hunger Plan led to the deaths of over 2,000,000 Soviet prisoners in 1941
56. Perhaps as many as 2,000,000 Jews in the western Soviet Union were murdered between 1941 and 1944
It is known as the Shoah by Bullets.
57. The roll-out of death camps by the Nazis at Bełżec, Sobibór and Treblinka was named Aktion Reynhard in ‘rememberance’ of Heydrich
Heydrich had died after the contamination of wounds suffered in an assassination attempt in Prague on 27 May 1942.
58. The Nazi regime ensured that they took the maximum material benefit from their mass murders
They re-used the possessions of their victims as raw materials for the war effort, gifts for their soldiers and clothing for Germans bombed out of their homes.
59. In July 1944 Majdanek became the first camp to be liberated as the Soviets progressed
It was followed by Chelmno and Aushwitz in January 1945. The Nazis destroyed a number of death camps, such as Treblinka after an uprising in August 1943. Those remaining were liberated as the Allies advanced on Berlin.
60. Around 6,000,000 Jews were murdered in the Holocaust
Including the diverse range of non-Jewish victims, the total death toll was upwards of 12,000,000.
Naval war
The Launching of the Aircraft Carrier HMS Indefatigable at Glasgow, Scotland, 8 December 1942
61. Britain lost its first submarine to friendly fire on 10 September 1939
HMS Oxley was mistakenly identified as a U-boat by HMS Triton. The first U-boat was sunk four days later.
62. German battleships flippantly seized an American transport ship on 3 October 1939
This early act helped to turn public favour in the US against neutrality and towards helping the Allies.
63. 27 Royal Navy ships were sunk by U-boats in a single week in autumn 1940
64. Britain had lost over 2,000,000 gross tons of merchant shipping before the end of 1940
65. In September 1940 America gave Britain 50 destroyer ships in exchange for land rights for naval and air bases on British possessions
These ships were of First World War age and specification, however.
66. Otto Kretschmer was the most prolific U-boat commander, sinking 37 ships
He was captured by the Royal Navy in March 1941.
67. Roosevelt announced the establishment of the Pan-American Security Zone in the North and West Atlantic on 8 March 1941
It was part of the Lend-Lease Bill passed by Senate.
68. From March 1941 until the following February, codebreakers at Bletchley Park had great success
They managed to decipher German Naval Enigma codes. This made a significant impact in protecting shipping in the Atlantic.
69. The Bismarck, Germany’s famed warship, was decisively attacked on 27 May 1941
Fairey Swordfish bombers from the HMS Ark Royal aircraft carrier inflicted the damage. The ship was scuttled and 2,200 died, whilst only 110 survived.
70. Germany renewed the Naval Enigma machine and codes in February 1942.
These were finally broken by December, but could not be read consistently until August 1943.
Pearl Harbor and the Pacific War
The U.S. Navy heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis (CA-35) at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, circa in 1937. Image credit: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
71. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941
It signalled the start of what is commonly referred to as the Pacific War.
72. Over 400 seamen died as the USS Oklahoma sank. Over 1,000 perished aboard the USS Arizona
In total the Americans sustained around 3,500 casualties in the attacks, with 2,335 dying.
73. 2 American destroyer ships and 188 aircraft were destroyed at Pearl Harbor
6 battleships were beached or damaged and 159 aircraft damaged. The Japanese lost 29 aircraft, an ocean-going submarine and 5 midget subs.
74. Singapore was surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942
General Percival then abandoned his troops by escaping to Sumatra. By May the Japanese had forced Allied withdrawal from Burma.
75. Four Japanese aircraft carriers and a cruiser were sunk and 250 aircraft destroyed in the Battle of Midway, 4-7 June 1942
It marked a decisive turning point in the Pacific War, at the expense of one American carrier and 150 aircraft. The Japanese suffered just over 3,000 deaths, around ten times more than the Americans.
76. Between July 1942 and January 1943 the Japanese were driven from Guadalcanal and eastern Papua New Guinea
They had ultimately resorted to scavenge for roots to survive.
77. An estimated 60 per cent of the 1,750,000 Japanese troops who died in World War Two were lost to malnutrition and disease
Listen Now78. The first kamikaze attacks occurred on 25 October 1944
It was against the American fleet at Luzon as the fighting intensified in the Philippines.
79. The island of Iwo Jima was bombed for 76 days
Only after this did the American assault fleet arrive, which included 30,000 marines.
80. The atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August 1945
Together with Soviet intervention in Manchuria, forced the Japanese into surrender that was officially signed on 2 September.
D-Day and the Allied advance
Crowds of French patriots line the Champs Elysees to view Free French tanks and half tracks of General Leclerc’s 2nd Armored Division passes through the Arc du Triomphe, after Paris was liberated on 26 August 1944
81. 34,000 French civilian casualties were sustained in the build up to D-Day
This included 15,000 deaths, as the Allies implemented their plan to block major road networks.
82. 130,000 Allied soldiers travelled by ship over the Channel to the Normandy coast on 6 June 1944
They were joined by around 24,000 airborne troops.
83. Allied casualties on D-Day amounted to around 10,000
German losses are estimated at anywhere from 4,000 to 9,000 men.
84. Within a week over 325,000 Allied soldiers had crossed the English Channel
By the end of the month around 850,000 had entered Normandy.
85. The Allies sustained over 200,000 casualties in the Battle of Normandy
German casualties totalled a similar amount but with a further 200,000 taken prisoner.
86. Paris was liberated on 25 August
The liberation began when the French Forces of the Interior—the military structure of the French Resistance—staged an uprising against the German garrison upon the approach of the US Third Army
87. The Allies lost around 15,000 airborne troops in the unsuccessful Market Garden operation in September 1944
It was the largest airborne operation of the war up to that point.
88. The Allies crossed the Rhine at four points over the course of March 1945
This paved the way for the final advance into the heart of Germany.
89. Up to 350,000 concentration camp prisoners are thought to have died in pointless death marches
These occurred as the Allied advance accelerated into both Poland and Germany.
90. Goebbels used news of the death of President Roosevelt on 12 April to encourage Hitler that they remained destined to win the war
The Soviet war machine and the Eastern Front
The centre of Stalingrad after liberation. Image credit: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
91. 3,800,000 Axis soldiers were deployed in the initial invasion of the Soviet Union, codenamed Operation Barbarossa
Soviet strength in June 1941 stood at 5,500,000.
92. Over 1,000,000 civilians died during the siege of Leningrad
It began in September 1941 and lasted until January 1944 – 880 days in total.
93. Stalin turned his nation into a war-production machine
This was despite the German output of steel and coal being respectively 3.5 and over 4 times greater in 1942 than in the Soviet Union. Stalin soon changed this however and the Soviet Union was thus able to produce more weaponry than its enemy.
94. The battle for Stalingrad in the winter of 1942-3, resulted in around 2,000,000 casualties alone
This included 1,130,000 Soviet troops and 850,000 Axis opponents.
95. The Soviet Lend-Lease agreement with the United States secured supplies of raw materials, armaments and food, which were vital to maintaining the war machine
It prevented starvation over the crucial period of late 1942 to early 1943.
96. In spring 1943 Soviet forces amounted to 5,800,000, whilst the Germans totalled around 2,700,000
Listen Now97. Operation Bagration, the great Soviet offensive of 1944, was launched on 22 June with a force of 1,670,000 men
They also had almost 6,000 tanks, over 30,000 guns and over 7,500 aircraft advancing through Belarus and the Baltic region.
98. By 1945 the Soviet could call on over 6,000,000 troops, whilst German strength had been reduced to less than a third of this
World War II losses of the Soviet Union from all related causes were about 27,000,000 both civilian and military.
